GRAMMAR PROJECT Molina Cruz Ariadna Lilith 614

 To be

Irregular verb most used in the entire lenguage because we can use ir in many circumstances

Common uses

• to talk about the age

I am twenty years old.

• To make descriptions (height, weight, nationality, the color of something or someone)

I am five feet tall

I am 120 pounds

He is Brazilian

Her eyes are green

This book is new

Your shirt is dirty

• To talk about mental and phisic state

I’m hungry

They’re crazy

She’s sleepy

We’re angry

Contractions

Affirmative
I am	I’m
You are	You’re
He is	He’s
She is	She’s
It is	It’s
You are	You’re
We are	We’re
They are	They’re

Negative form
I am not	I
You are not	You aren’t
He is not	He isn’t
She is not	She isn’t
It is not	It isn’t
We are not	We aren’t
You are not	You aren’t
They are not	They aren’t

Can

With this verb we can:

• express that you are (or not) capable of doing something

I can’t open this bottle

This car can reach 220 km/h

• Express that you know how to do something

I can swim

I can’t speak French

Can you dance Tango?

• Ask for something

Can you buy me a drink?

Can I ask you something?

Negative form

Cannot

Can’t

Have got

It is used to express that you just got something

I have just got my hair purple

You have got a new car

Present Simple

Affirmative
I play	We play
You play	You play
He/She/It plays	They play

Spelling: 3rd person singular (he/she/it)

We add -s to the end of most verbs

+-s                           start → starts play →plays

We add -es if the verbs ends em -ch, -ss, -sh or -o.

  +- es                       teach → teaches         miss → misses

                                 do - does      go- goes

If the verb ends in a consonant +-y, we change -y to in and add -es.

  -y → -ies                study→studies           carry→carries

Negative
Full form	Short form
I do not play	I don’t play
You do not play	You don’t play
he/she/it does not play	he/she/it doesn’t play
you do not play	you don’t play
we do not play	we don’t play
they do not play	they don’t play

Interrogative	Short answer
Do I play ...?	Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
Do you play ...?	Yes, you do. / No, you don’t
Does she/he/it play …?	Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.
Do we/you/they play …?	Yes, we/you/they do. / No,  we/you/they don’t.

We use the present simple:

• for something that always happens or happens regularly (e.g. every week, often, sometimes).

Sally cycles to school every day

• For facts

Cows eat grass

• With certain verbs that are not used in continuous tenses, e.g. believe, hate, like, love, need, know, prefer, want.

I like this music (NOT- I’m liking this music).

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs that change or qualify the meaning of a sentence by telling us how often or how frequently something occurs, either in definite or indifinite terms.

Present simple + adverbs of frequency
I/You/We/They	Adverbs of frequency always usually often sometimes never	Verb play soccer go swimming
He/She/It		makes me laugh helps at home

With to be the adverb goes after the verb:

I am sometimes lazy

She's always angry with us

Present Continuous

We form the present continuous like this:

• The correct form to be + the - ing form of the main verb.

Daniel is eating/ Are you playing

spelling: verb + - ing to the end of most verbs.

play + - ing - playing.                  Study+-ing - studying

If the verb ends in a consonant +-e, we usually drop the - e and add - ing.

-e - - - ing.           Write- writing make-making

We use the present continuous

• For something that is happening now

Look! It's raining

• For something that is happening temporarily, not necessarily at the moment of speaking.

My mum's learning English in the evenings

• For arrangements in the future.

We're playing tennis tomorrow

We don't use the present continuous:

• With certain verbs, e.g. believe, hate, like, love, need, know, prefer, want.

I like this music. (NOT - I'm liking this music).

Present Simple VS Present Continuous

We use the present simole to talk about:

• Habites and routines.

I usually get up at eight o’clock

• A permanent situation or fact.

Jack lives in London. It's his home town.

• Timetables and schedules.

The train leaves at 6.30 tomorrow morning.

Spelling: verb + third person singular

• We usually add - s to the verb:

I start.                        It starts.

• If the verb ends in - ch, - ss, - sh or - o, add - es to the verb:

They teach.                        She teaches.

We don't teach.                 He doesn't teach.

• If the verb ends in a consonant - y, we add - es and change - y to - i:

They carry.               She carries.

We don't carry.         He doesn't carry.

We use the present continuous to talk about:

• Things that are happening now.

We're watching a movie right now. Come over!

• Annoying behaviour with always.

He's always talking about himself.

• For arrangements in the near future.

Sally and Tom are flying to Rome next Friday

Spelling: verb + - ing form

• We add - ing form to most verbs:

I wait.                         She's waiting.

• If the verb ends in a consonant + - e we usually drop the - e and add - ing:

They smile.               We're smiling.

• If the verb ends in a short, accented vowel and a consonant, we double the consonant:

-m--- - mming.         - g - - - - - gging.   - p - - - - - pping  - t---- - tting

You stop.               They're stopping.

Falla, T. & Davies, P. (2012). Solutions Pre-Intermediate Student’s Book. Oxford: Oxford University.

Falla, T. & Davies, P. (2012). Solutions Intermediate Student’s Book. Oxford: Oxford University.

Bowler, B. & Parminter, S. (2007). Happy World American English. Oxford: Oxford University.